Wednesday, 21 June 2017

War: what it does to us

War:  what it does to us

“He who wishes to fight must first count the cost. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.”
                                                                                   Sun Tzu, writing in The Art of War


War may be defined as a state of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between nations, states, or parties entailing violence on an extreme and vast scale.
We have come a long way in perfecting our weapons of war. In the stone-age people would probably have used stones; in medieval times bows and arrows; swords graduating to guns, machine guns, sophisticated artillery in modern times and today we have fabricated the ultimate weapon – the nuclear bomb!

The Fallout of war is:

Ø Loss of human life;

Ø Wounded and Injured soldiers and civilians;

Ø Loss of vital infrastructure that a country has  to rebuild at a huge economic cost;

Ø Damage to heritage buildings, and other cultural artifacts;

Ø The acute problem of refugees who seek asylum in other countries where they  are  viewed as parasites on the economy and snatchers of employment from locals.

Here it is worth noting the price we citizens of nation states are paying in preparing for war – in maintaining a war machinery or a WAR SYSTEM:

Financial Resources

The financial resources invested – or rather squandered! - in preparing for war are colossal.   The global military expenditure is: USD 2 million plus per minute.  On the other hand, 18,000 children die daily in our global village due to malnutrition and lack of basic health care. (UNICEF) If 90 school buses filled with kindergartners were to crash every day, with no survivors, the world would take notice. But this is precisely what happens every single day because of poor water, sanitation and hygiene. The continuation of this suffering and loss of life contravenes the natural human instinct to help in times of disaster. Imagine the horror of the world if a major earthquake were to occur and people stood by and watched without assisting the survivors! Yet every day, the equivalent of a major earthquake killing over 30,000 young children occurs to a disturbingly muted response. They die quietly in some of the poorest villages on earth, far removed from the scrutiny and the conscience of the world. Being meek and weak in life makes these dying multitudes even more invisible in death. 

In addition to the above is the non-productive expenditure incurred on standing armies, navy and air force during peace time.

Human Resources

The human resources invested in Military Research and Development (R & D). Many of the best minds in the past and present millennium have been devoted to researching how to make increasingly better weapons of war to destroy humankind. Human ingenuity has indeed been able to design the perfect weapon; that is, our Nuclear Arsenal which can destroy the world several times over in just a matter of a few hours and precipitate a nuclear winter lasting for several centuries. One can hardly visualize a more gruesome way to utilize (!) human talent, genius and endeavor!

Further, in preparing for war, there is loss of manpower during military maneuvers as well as damage to crops.

Accidental Nuclear Disasters

The chances of accidental nuclear disaster have increased ever since developing countries have started to manufacture nuclear arsenals. The logic here is that these countries lack the technical know how as well as the requisite finances  for proper investment in developing their nuclear arsenals leading to high risk factor of an accident occurring.

Ecological Imbalance
                      
Two major causes of environmental pollution today are:
Ø The radiation emanating from the testing of nuclear weapons;
Ø Chemical waste from military industries.


This link between the present ecological imbalance and the War System is often overlooked.

Sunday, 11 June 2017

Types of Violence

Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development or deprivation”.  There are various types of violence which can be classified as:

Ø Physical/Direct

Ø Structural

Ø Mental/Psychological/Emotional

Ø Sexual

Ø Subtle

Ø Spiritual

Since the meaning of physical/direct violence is obvious enough, we may only explain, in brief, its other kinds. War is physical violence at its worst, which will be explained later.

Structural violence means neglect, discrimination and exploitation that is inbuilt in certain economic and social structures. For instance, factory workers and laborers in  Third World countries are paid much lower wages than their counterparts in the First World. Thus, a soft toy or lingerie carrying the tag, ‘Made in Korea’ or ‘Made in China’ is priced at one third of a toy or lingerie of similar quality carrying the tag, ‘Made in Sweden’ or ‘Made in France’.

Another example of structural violence is patriarchy. It is manifest in very simple matters too: Let’s say a family returns home tired and thirsty after a hectic outing. Everyone wants water. However, routinely, the father will be offered the first glass of water ----perhaps by the mother who will quench her thirst last!  

There is an amusing and unsuspected kind of structural violence to which Indian women are not infrequently subject. A housewife in a big family may be deprived of a delicious dish simply because the male members were served first and greedily asked for more helpings, so that none of the delicacy in question was left for the lady, who is supposed to eat after men have eaten their fill! 
                                                                                                            
Mental violence refers to psychological and emotional harassment, torture and its equivalents.  A very clear instance of mental violence is provided by what can easily happen in Indian society. A young Indian bride may be made to feel inferior simply because her complexion is dark or when she is repeatedly taunted by her in-laws on the ground that her parents have not provided adequate dowry.

Sexual violence violates the sanctity of the victim. Rape would be an extreme form of this violence.

An example of subtle violence can be seen at the way some International Conferences are planned.  Women speakers are frequently given time slots only in the afternoons or towards the fag end of a session, when attendance gets thinned or participants feel tired and so are no longer eager to listen closely.  

An even more unnoticed form of violence is that which may be called spiritual. By this kind of violence I mean an overemphasis on the human being’s material interests as against his spiritual welfare. When educational systems or parenting focus on developing the body and mind but neglect the spirit, it can be classified as spiritual violence. I call this attitude violence because it injures the totality of man’s being. Such imbalance in upbringing of the young prompts them to take to unduly materialistic life styles, consumerism and extreme individualism which naturally harm interpersonal relationships, and cause loneliness, depression, divorce and various psychic ailments. The cost of indifference to our spiritual interests is indeed very heavy.


Illustration 2


Tuesday, 6 June 2017

Is Conflict Bad?

When you hear the word, conflict, what immediately comes to your mind?

·        Something bad – negative?
                                                                      or
·        Something good - positive?

Most people choose the former, because generally the word conflict signifies something harmful, conjuring up ugly images or bad memories of violence, insurmountable differences, hatred and war. It has also come to be associated with unpleasant protracted disagreements and so has acquired a connotation of negativity.

Since conflict is a given in our daily lives, conflict per se is not the problem.  The real problem is the way we deal with conflict – the manner in which we handle conflict  or resolve conflict.


It is our chosen methods of resolving conflict that make it bad or good. These methods which are broadly speaking either violent or nonviolent are what give colour to conflict; characterizing it as negative or positive. When we use violence to handle conflict, it is negative / bad; when we resort to nonviolence, it is positive /good – as depicted in the following Illustration No.1

So, contrary to popular opinion Conflict per se is neither Good nor Bad;

CONFLICT is NEUTRAL

Saturday, 3 June 2017

Defining Conflict and Analyzing its Cause

Conflict can be basically defined as a:
Ø Disagreement 
Ø Difference of opinion
Ø Clash of interests

The question may here be asked: ‘What causes difference of opinion?’

Likely answers that immediately come to mind are:  
             
                 Different
Ø Beliefs
Ø Values,
Ø Mind-Sets
Ø Attitudes 
Ø Upbringing
Ø Ways of Thinking

However, deeper reflection reveals that all of the above stem from one primary cause: 

As actual existents - that is, as against the mere concept of Man – read Human Beings! - we are all and will always be individuals, or separate centers of thought, beliefs, values, mind-sets,  attitudes and upbringing; and so it is very natural that we are likely to differ in our views. As Gandhi would put it, our individual grasp of the truth of any matter is, as a rule, but relative.1          

Thus, we cannot wholly rule out the possibility of conflict - seen as difference of opinion - at every level of human interaction, be it personal, professional, political, regional, national and international. Even in a very intimate relationship of love and marriage, there will be a difference of views.

In other words, since human beings will always be different, unique, individuals,
                                      Conflict is Natural and Inevitable


 [D1]